| Name: | Stripped |
| DOB: | April 10, 2025 |
| Location Bred: | NY, USA |
| Gender: | Gelding |
| Status: | Retired |
| Color: | Black |
| Markings: | LH Stocking |
| Height: | 15.3h |
| Breeder: | Clicker Lab |
| Owner: | Clicker Lab |
| Location: |
Clicker Lab (NY, USA) |
| Sale Price: | Not for sale | | Track Record: |
Mult. Winner, Placed |
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